Facial Angle Profiles in Turkish Healthy Population

The knowledge of the facial angles is essential for safe and accurate plastic surgery interventions. Facial angles are used as a reference value for comparison during diagnosis and treatment planning. Also, the facial angles will provide valuable data in evaluation of facial aesthetics. So, the aim of this study was to determine the ideal values of the facial angles in Turkish healthy adults.METHODSTwo hundred and forty seven (129 females; 118 males) subjects aged between 18 and 25 years were included in this study. Frankfort horizontal plane was chosen to determine the angles related with face. Photographs were acquired using a Digital SLR Camera with fixed shooting values. (Canon EOS 80D; ISO 100 f/4.5). In all the shoots, a printed scale with known dimensions was present. Acquired images were then transferred to a computer station. Measurements were made using Image J 1.52a with 1/100 mm sensitivity. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS Ver. 22.00. A p<0.05 value was considered as significant. Student’s T Test was used to determine the significance between gender, while Pearson Correlation analysis was done to evaluate the relation between gender.RESULTSStatistically significant difference was found between the genders and the frontonasal angle, the nasofrontal angle, the nasolabial angle, the chin neck angle, and the nasal projection. Also, the fronto nasal angle, chin neck angle, and nasal projection measurements were higher in males than in females, whereas the nasofrontal angle and nasolabial angle were lower in males than in females. Additionally, there was a significant, negative very low correlation between fronto-nasal angle (-0.148), chin-neck angle (r=-0.179) and gender; a significant, negative and low correlation (r=-0.243) between nasal projection and gender, a significant, positive and low correlation between nasolabial angle and gender (r=0.259); and nasofrontal angle and gender (r=0.388).CONCLUSIONSFacial angle values of healthy population provide important and useful knowledge in terms of comparison of abnormalities clinically, and data may be valuable for the representatives of clinical disciplines.

The determination of the piriform aperture morphometry and golden ratio in healthy Turkish subjects: a CT study / Determinación de la morfometría de la apertura piriforme y la proporción áurea en sujetos turcos sanos: un estudio con TC

This study was undertaken to determine the morphometry of the piriform aperture width and height in Turkish population aged between 18-60 years. It was a retrospective study in which 200 subjects were included 106 males and 94 females, ranging from 18 up to 60 years. Subjects having brain CT in the Radiology Department. Statistical analysis were evaluated with SPSS 21.00 programme. ANOVA Test were used to determine the significance between measurements and age group. The p<0.05 value was considered as significant. The groups were divided into four groups according to age. The overall means and standard deviations of the measurements were: piriform aperture height, 45.19±2.91 mm; piriform aperture width, 24.98±2.85 mm; the golden ratio, 1.84±0.19 in males, respectively whereas, the same measurements were 42.84±2.88; 23.46±2.15 mm; 1.83±0.19 in females, respectively. Also there were an increase in piriform aperture width measurement as the age increased. These anatomical values provides more important knowledge to determine the dimensions of these structures in clinic, surgical processes.

El estudio se realizó para determinar la morfometría del ancho y la altura de la abertura piriforme en la población turca de entre 18 y 60 años. Se llevó a cabo un análisis retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 200 sujetos 106 hombres y 94 mujeres, entre los 18 y 60 años. Sujetos con TC cerebral en el Departamento de Radiología. El análisis estadístico se evaluó con el programa SPSS 21.00. La prueba ANOVA se utilizó para determinar la importancia entre las mediciones y el grupo de edad. El valor p <0,05 se consideró significativo. La muestra se dividió en cuatro grupos según la edad. Las medias generales y las desviaciones estándar de las mediciones fueron: altura de apertura piriforme, 45,19 ± 2,91 mm; ancho de apertura piriforme, 24,98 ± 2,85 mm; la proporción áurea, 1,84 ± 0,19 en varones, mientras que las mismas medidas fueron 42,84 ± 2,88; 23,46 ± 2,15 mm; 1,83 ± 0,19 en mujeres. También hubo un aumento en la medición del ancho de apertura piriforme a medida que la edad aumentó. Estos valores anatómicos proporcionan un conocimiento más importante para determinar las dimensiones de estas estructuras en procesos clínicos y quirúrgicos.

Morphologic and morphometric evaluation of the wormian bones / Evaluación morfológica y morfométrica de los huesos wormianos

Wormian (sutural) bones are accessory small bones located on the skull. These bones consist of extra ossification centers around cranial sutures. This study was carried out in 28 dry human skulls with unknown age and sex in the Department of Anatomy, Cukurova University. The aim of the study was to investigate incidence and to determine morphologic and morphometric characteristics of wormian (sutural) bones. Total incidence of wormian bone presence was 42.86 % (n=12) and most of them were located on lambdoid suture (57.14 %). Wormian bones were seen at lambdoid suture at a rate of 62.5 %, occipito-mastoid suture 9.37 %, asterion 18.76 %, lambda 9.37 %, and were not seen on pterion, bregma, parietotemporal, sagittal and coronal sutures. Wormian bones were seen on left side at a rate of 65.62 % and 34.38 % on right side of skull. According to our study, wormian bone shapes were seen as quadrangular (56.26 %), triangular (15.62 %) and irregular (28.12 %). The mean values of wormian bones were as follows; vertical diameter: 12.29±4.48 mm and horizontal diameter: 10.93±4.39 mm. For cephalic index, the result of our study shows that most of our skulls with or without wormian bones belong to dolichocephalic group. Knowledge of variations and characteristics of skull is important for forensic medicine, anatomy, radiology and neurosurgery fields and for literature data or clinical practices.

Los huesos wormianos o huesos suturales, son pequeños huesos accesorios ubicados en el cráneo. Estos huesos consisten en centros de osificación adicionales alrededor de las suturas craneales. Este estudio se realizó en 28 cráneos humanos secos con edad y sexo desconocidos en el Departamento de Anatomía de la Universidad de Cukurova. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la incidencia y determinar las características morfológicas y morfométricas de los huesos wormianos. La incidencia total de presencia de hueso wormiano fue del 42,86 % (n = 12) y la mayoría de estos se localizó en sutura lambdoidea (57,14 %). Los huesos wormianos se observaron en la sutura lambdoidea a una tasa del 62,5 %, sutura occipito-mastoidea 9,37 %, asterion 18,76 %, lambda 9,37 %, y no se observaron en suturas pterion, bregma, parietotemporal, sagital y coronal. Los huesos wormianos se observaron en el lado izquierdo a una tasa del 65,62 % y del 34,38 % en el lado derecho del cráneo. Según nuestro estudio, las formas óseas se consideraron cuadrangulares (56,26 %), triangulares (15,62 %) e irregulares (28,12 %). Los valores medios de los huesos wormianos fueron los siguientes; diámetro vertical: 12,29 ± 4,48 mm y diámetro horizontal: 10,93 ± 4,39 mm. Referente al índice cefálico, el resultado de nuestro estudio muestra que la mayoría los cráneos con o sin huesos wormianos pertenecen al grupo dolicocefálico. El conocimiento de las variaciones y características del cráneo es importante para la medicina forense, la anatomía, la radiología y los campos de neurocirugía, como asimismo para los datos de la literatura o las prácticas clínicas.

The Face Shape and Golden Ratio Classification In Turkish Healthy Population.

Beauty indicates a specific proportion system. It comprises facial height, width, and symmetry. A beautiful and an attractive face or facial morphology, which is affected by many factors such as social, cultural, ethnic, racial, climate, gender, age, socio-economic, nutritional, and genetic is a subjective concept. We wanted to determine the facial morphology, golden ratio, and classify the face shape, in Turkish healthy adults. METHODSThis is a descriptive study conducted among two hundred twenty-eight (139 females; 89 males) subjects aged between 18 and 25 years. Physiognomic facial height, the width of face, face golden ratio, morphological facial height, facial index were measured. Based on the face index, the face shape was classified as hypereuryprosopic, euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, leptoprosopic, and hyperleptoprosopic. Also, the face shape was determined according to the golden ratio. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Ver. 22. Chi-Square Test was used to determine the differences between gender and face measurements. A p value of <0.05 value was considered as significant.RESULTSOut of 228 subjects, face shape according to golden ratio was normal in 11 female subjects, short in 128 female subjects. Also, in males, the same parameter was normal in 10 subjects, short in 72, and long in 7 subjects. On the other hand, significant differences were found between the genders. Hypereuroprosopic face type was the least observed in males but not in females.CONCLUSİONSThe facial shape data may be valuable for evaluating various disorders and variations for plastic surgeons and orthodontists and other clinicians

Anthropometric Evaluation of Cranial Indexes.

Introduction: Craniometric measurements are used inanatomy, anthropometry and surgical fields, especially inmaxillofacial and plastic surgery. The aim of this study was toinvestigate the cranial index values anthropometrically and tocontribute to the literature data.Material and methods: For this purpose, 30 craniumbones with unknown age and gender belonging to AnatomyDepartment, Faculty of Medicine and University of Cukurovawere used.Results: In this study, maximum cranial width, maximumcranial length, bizygomatic width, cranial height, upper faceheight and minimum frontal width were measured. The meanand standard deviation values of the measured values are;139.15 ± 9.89, 172.20 ± 7.90, 125.24 ± 9.47, 126.07 ± 6.23,65.07 ± 5.40, 95.33 ± 5.09 mm, respectively. By using thesevalues, cranial index, transverse cranio - facial index, cranialheight - width index, cranial height - length index, upper facialindex and fronto - parietal index values were calculated. Themean and standard deviation of index values are 81.59 ± 5.60,90.21 ± 6.69, 92.30 ± 6.16, 73.73 ± 3.79, 52.61 ± 5.52, 68.76± 4.86 mm, respectively.Conclusions: The results of our study were classified andcompared with the studies performed in different populations.We believe that the obtained data will contribute to theresearch and literature data in clinical areas.

Morphometric study of dried cervical vertebrae / Estudio morfométrico de vértebras cervicales secas

The aim of this study was to emphasize the clinical importance of morphometry and the surgical parameters of the cervical vertebrae. The present study was carried out on ninety six adult dry cervical vertebrae (C3-C7, 96) of unknown gender of Turkish population. The various dimensions of the cervical vertebrae (from C3 to C7) were measured with using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm. Linear parameters including vertebral body anteroposterior width (14.03 mm), vertebral body transverse width (24.45 mm); vertebral body height (10.64 mm); pedicle length (R:5.65±1.91 mm, L:5.65±1.76 mm); pedicle width (R:3.72 mm, L:3.61 mm); lamina height (R:9.87 mm, L:9.86 mm); lamina transverse length (R:13.41 mm, L:13.49 mm); superior articular process anteroposterior width (R:7.26 mm, L:7.46 mm); superior articular process transverse diameter (R: 9.87 mm, L:9.58 mm); superior articular process height (R:16.41 mm, L:16.08 mm); inferior articular process anteroposterior width (R: 7.67 mm, L:7.44 mm); inferior articular process transverse diameter (R: 10.32 mm, L:10.09 mm); inferior articular process height (R:12.72 mm, L:12.67 mm); spinous process length (17.91 mm); uncinate process width (R:4.37 mm, L:3.78 mm); uncinate process height (R:4.58 mm, L:3.93 mm); uncinate process length (R:9.28 mm, L:9.12 mm); vertebral foramen anteroposterior width (13.85 mm); vertebral foramen transverse diameter (20.88 mm); foramen transversarium anteroposterior width (R:4.23 mm, L:4.28 mm); foramen transversarium transverse diameter (R:4.78 mm, L:4.95 mm) were measured. Additionally, the distance of the apex of the uncinate process to foramen transversarium (R:2.91 mm, L:2.70 mm), and the distance of the apex of the uncinate process to intervertebral foramen (R: 5.77 mm, L:5.66 mm) were also calculated. There were found significant differences between two sides in the uncinate process width and height, and distance between uncinate process and foramen transversarium. Present measurements suggest that parameters relevant cervical vertebrae can be used as reference and anatomical landmark for evaluating pathologic changes and minimizing complications in the cervical spine.

El objetivo de este estudio fue enfatizar la importancia clínica de la morfometría y los parámetros quirúrgicos de las vértebras cervicales. El presente estudio se realizó en noventa y seis vértebras cervicales secas adultas (C3-C7) de sexo desconocido de la población turca. Las diversas dimensiones de las vértebras cervicales (C3 a C7) se midieron utilizando un calibrador digital con una precisión de 0,01 mm. Se determinaron parámetros lineales incluyendo ancho anteroposterior del cuerpo vertebral (14,03 mm), ancho transversal del cuerpo vertebral (24,45 mm); altura del cuerpo vertebral (10,64 mm); longitud del pedículo (R: 5.65 ± 1,91 mm, L: 5.65 ± 1,76 mm); ancho del pedículo (R: 3,72 mm, L: 3,61 mm); altura de la lámina (R: 9,87 mm, L: 9,86 mm); longitud transversal de la lámina (R: 13,41 mm, L: 13,49 mm); Diámetro anteroposterior del proceso articular superior (R: 7,26 mm, L: 7,46 mm); Diámetro transversal del proceso articular superior (R: 9,87 mm, L: 9,58 mm); Altura articular superior del proceso (R: 16,41 mm, L: 16,08 mm); Diámetro anteroposterior del proceso articular inferior (R: 7,67 mm, L: 7,44 mm); Diámetro transversal del proceso articular inferior (R: 10,32 mm, L: 10,09 mm); Altura del proceso articular inferior (R: 12,72 mm, L: 12,67 mm); longitud del proceso espinoso (17,91 mm); ancho del proceso uncinado (R: 4,37 mm, L: 3,78 mm); altura de proceso uncinado (R: 4,58 mm, L: 3,93 mm); longitud del proceso uncinado (R: 9,28 mm, L: 9,12 mm); Ancho anteroposterior del foramen vertebral (13,85 mm); Diámetro transverso del foramen vertebral (20,88 mm); Ancho anteroposterior del foramen transverso (R: 4,23 mm, L: 4,28 mm); Diámetro transverso del foramen transverso (R: 4,78 mm, L: 4,95 mm). Además, la distancia del vértice del proceso uncinado al foramen transverso (R: 2,91 mm, L: 2,70 mm) y la distancia del vértice del proceso uncinado al foramen intervertebral (R: 5,77 mm, L: 5,66 mm) Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos lados, en el ancho y la altura del proceso uncinado, y la distancia entre el proceso uncinado y el foramen transverso. Las mediciones actuales sugieren que los parámetros relevantes de las vértebras cervicales se pueden usar como referencia y punto de referencia anatómicos para evaluar los cambios patológicos y minimizar las complicaciones en la columna cervical.

Morphometric MRI study of the brain ventricles in healthy Turkish subjects / Estudio morfométrico de resonancia magnética de los ventrículos cerebrales en sujetos turcos sanos

The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of brain ventricles and indices in healthy subjects in our population using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to reveal sex and age related differences. The MRI of two hundred-sixty-five healthy individuals aged between eighteen and eighty-seven years were examined and the midsagittal and axial images were used for measurements. The measurements were performed from MRI on a Workstation. The following mean values of brain ventricles and indices were observed; frontal horn width (FHW) (33.14 mm); third (3rd) ventricle width (TVW) (3.37 mm); fourth ventricle anteroposterior width (FVWAP) (9.93 mm); fourth ventricle transverse width (FVWT) (12.40 mm); and the maximum transverse inner diameter of the skull (TIDS) (128.75 mm) in females. The same dimensions were 34.85 mm, 3.91 mm, 10.26 mm, 12.81 mm, and 134.68 mm in males, respectively. There were statistically significantly differences in the frontal horn width, third (3rd) ventricle width, and the maximum transverse inner diameter of the skull values in between sexes. The mean values of Evans' index which obtanied with maximum width between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles divided by the maximum transverse inner diameter of the skull were found as 0.280 ±0.172 in females; whereas the same dimensions were calculated 0.276±0.161 in males. These values were lower in healthy male subjects than females, however; there were no found significantly difference between groups. Present findings obtained from MRI are necessary anatomical baseline data for interpreting pathological changes, planning surgery, and determining presence and progress of some neurological diseases.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los valores normales de los ventrículos e índices cerebrales en sujetos sanos en nuestra población mediante el uso de imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM) y revelar las diferencias relacionadas con el sexo y la edad. Se examinó la resonancia magnética de 265 individuos sanos de entre 18 y 87 años, y se utilizaron las imágenes en sentido medio y sagital para las mediciones. Las mediciones se realizaron a partir de IRM en una estación de trabajo. Se observaron los siguientes valores medios de ventrículos e índices cerebrales: longitud del asta frontal (FHW) (33,14 mm); longitud del tercer ventrículo (TVW) (3,37 mm); longitud anteroposterior del cuarto ventrículo (FVWAP) (9,93 mm); longitud transversal del cuarto ventrículo (FVWT) (12,40 mm); y el diámetro transversal máximo del cráneo (SID) (128,75 mm) en las hembras. Las mismas dimensiones fueron 34,85 mm, 3,91 mm, 10,26 mm, 12,81 mm y 134,68 mm en machos, respectivamente. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el ancho del asta frontal, el ancho del tercer ventrículo y el diámetro interno transversal máximo de los valores del cráneo entre los sexos. Los valores medios del índice de Evans que obtuvieron el ancho máximo entre los cuernos frontales de los ventrículos laterales dividido por el diámetro interno transversal máximo del cráneo se encontraron en 0,280 ± 0,172 en las mujeres; mientras que las mismas dimensiones se calcularon en hombres (0,276 ± 0,161). Sin embargo, estos valores fueron más bajos en hombres sanos que en mujeres; no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Los hallazgos actuales obtenidos de IRM son datos anatómicos de referencia necesarios para interpretar los cambios patológicos, planificar la cirugía y determinar la presencia y el progreso de algunas enfermedades neurológicas.

The determination of sphenoid sinus dimensions in Turkish healthy adult subjects: an MRI study / Determinación de las dimensiones del seno esfenoidal en sujetos adultos sanos turcos: un estudio de resonancia magnética

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to identify sphenoid sinus dimensions; and distance between columella nasal and sphenoid sinus; and columella nasal and hypophysis in healthy adult subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate differences between genders and age groups. The MRI results of 300 healthy subjects (192 females; 108 males) aged 18-68 years were studied. The midsagittal and axial images were used for shape of the sphenoid sinus, and the distance measurements of its related adjacent structures on MRI. The mean values of the distance between columella nasal; and columella nasal and hypophysis; and sinus sphenoidalis width were 65.73±5.22 mm, 87.05±4.79 mm and 37.67±8.40 mm in females respectively, whereas the same values were 71.79±5.06 mm, 94.52±6.07 mm and 41.95±9.32 mm in males, respectively. The means of all measurements were lower in healthy female subjects than in healthy males.Additionally, the classification of sphenoid sinus types were determined to be postsellar type (131), sellar type (46), presellar type (14) and conchal type (1) in females, respectively. The same measurement were determined as postsellar type (82), sellar type (23) and presellar type (3) in males, respectively. Differences between sexes and age related changes were observed in the variations of the size, location and shape of sphenoid sinus were observed The observations presented in this report have defined anatomic parameters that need to be taken into consideration for reference data to determine gender discrepancies, age related changes and helpful for radiologists and clinicians to plan safe surgical approach and avoid surgical risks.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las dimensiones del seno esfenoidal y la distancia entre la columela nasal y el seno esfenoidal y, la glándula nasal y la hipófisis en sujetos adultos sanos con imágenes de resonancia magnética (RM), para evaluar las diferencias entre los sexos y los grupos de edad. Se estudiaron los resultados de RM de 300 sujetos sanos (192 mujeres, 108 hombres) de 18 a 68 años. Se usaron imágenes sagitales y axiales para la forma del seno esfenoidal y las mediciones de distancia de sus estructuras adyacentes relacionadas en la RM. Los valores medios de la distancia entre columela nasal; y columela nasal e hipófisis; y la anchura del seno esfenoidal fue de 65,73 ± 5,22 mm, 87,05 ± 4,79 mm y 37,67 ± 8,40 mm en mujeres, respectivamente, mientras que los mismos valores fueron de 71,79 ± 5,06 mm, 94, 52 ± 6,07 mm y 41,95 ± 9,32 mm en varones, respectivamente. Las medias de todas las mediciones fueron menores en mujeres sanas que en hombres sanos. Adicionalmente, se determinó que la clasificación del seno esfenoidal era de tipo postsellar (131), tipo selar (46), tipo presellar (14) y tipo conchal (1), en las mujeres, respectivamente. Las mismas medidas se determinaron como tipo postsellar (82), tipo sellar (23) y tipo presellar (3) en varones, respectivamente. Se observaron diferencias entre sexos y los cambios relacionados con la edad en las variaciones de tamaño, ubicación y forma del seno esfenoidal. Las observaciones presentadas en este informe establecen parámetros anatómicos que se deben considerar como referencia para determinar las diferencias de sexo, y edad. La información de estas diferencias será útil para los radiólogos y los médicos en la planificación de un abordaje quirúrgico seguro y para evitar riesgos quirúrgicos.

Corpus callosum and ventricle: MRI determination of dementia in Turkish population and healthy geriatric subjects / Cuerpo calloso y ventrículo: determinación de demencia con RM en una población turca y sujetos geriátricos saludables

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to identify the values of corpus callosum sections and ventricles in Dementia and healthy geriatric subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to establish both gender differences and differences between groups. The MRI results of 163 geriatric subjects (81 healthy individuals; 82 Dementia subjects) aged 60-89 years were studied. The midsagittal and axial images were used for measurements of the corpus callosum and lateral ventricle, respectively on MRI. The mean values of the widths of genu, body, splenium, height of the corpus callosum, longitudinal dimension of the corpus callosum and brain were 8.74±1.53 mm, 5.37±0.75 mm, 9.37±1.33 mm, 25.42±2.89 mm, 70.99±3.86 mm, 148.87±6.67 mm and 8.51±1.93 mm, 5.37±0.84 mm, 9.74±1.17 mm and 25.67±2.88 mm, 72.41±4.99 mm, 153.66±8.00 mm in females and males of healthy geriatric age, respectively. The same measurements were found to be 6.90±1.66 mm, 4.33±0.76 mm, 7.94±1.38 mm, 24.42±3.11 mm, 69.01±4.52 mm, 149.18±7.13 mm and 7.55±1.98 mm, 4.56±1.02 mm, 8.60±1.58 mm, 23.96±3.51 mm, 73.42±3.81 mm, 155.38±8.39 mm in females and males with Dementia, respectively. Additionally, the means of the frontal horn width and Evans index measurements were lower in healthy geriatric subjects, whereas the transverse inner diameter of the skull were higher in healthy geriatric subjects than dementia subjects in both sexes. The observations presented in this report have defined anatomic parameters of healthy and dementia geriatric subjects that need to be taken into consideration for reference data to determine sex discrepancies, and be helpful for radiologists and clinicians.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los valores de las secciones del cuerpo calloso y los ventrículos en una población turca de sujetos geriátricos sanos y con demencia, mediante resonancia magnética (RM) y establecer diferencias tanto de sexo como diferencias entre los grupos. Se estudiaron los resultados de 163 sujetos geriátricos (81 sujetos sanos, 82 sujetos con demencia) de 60-89 años. Las imágenes sagitales y axiales se utilizaron para las realizar las mediciones del cuerpo calloso y del ventrículo lateral en RM, respectivamente. Los valores medios de los anchos de rodilla, cuerpo, rodete, altura del cuerpo calloso, dimensión longitudinal del cuerpo calloso y del cerebro fueron de 8,74 ± 1,53 mm, 5,37 ± 0,75 mm, 9,37 ± 1,33 mm, 25,42 ± 2,89 mm, 70,99 ± 3,86 mm, 148,87 ± 6,67 mm y 8,51 ± 1,93 mm, 5,37 ± 0,84 mm, 9,74 ± 1,17 mm y 25,67 ± 2,88 mm, 72,41 ± 4,99 mm, 153,66 ± 8,00 mm en mujeres y hombres sanos, respectivamente. Las mismas medidas fueron de 6,90 ± 1,66 mm, 4,33 ± 0,76 mm, 7,94 ± 1,38 mm, 24,42 ± 3,11 mm, 69,01 ± 4,52 mm, 149,18 ± 7,13 mm y 7,55 ± 1,98 mm, 4,56 ± 1,02 mm, 8,60 ± 1,58 mm, 23,96 ± 3,51 mm, 73,42 ± 3,81 mm, 155,38 ± 8,39 mm en mujeres y hombres con demencia, respectivamente. Además, las medias de la anchura del asta frontal y las mediciones del índice de Evans fueron menores en sujetos geriátricos saludables, mientras que el diámetro interno transversal del cráneo fue mayor en sujetos geriátricos sanos que en los sujetos con demencia en ambos sexos. Las observaciones presentadas en este informe han definido los parámetros anatómicos de los sujetos sanos y con demencia que deben tenerse en cuenta para identificar los datos de referencia para determinar las discrepancias de sexo y que puedan ser útiles para los radiólogos y los médicos.